British language (Celtic).html



British was an ancient P-Celtic language spoken in much of southern and central Britain, up to the central lowlands of Scotland. According to Julius Caesar, it was similar to the language spoken in Gaul. Indeed, the evidence is that Celtic Languages spoken throughout Western and Central Europe prior to the Roman Period were very similar. Place and personal names as well as evidence from Welsh suggest that Gaulish and British were very close. Indeed, the evidence is that Celtic Languages spoken throughout Western and Central Europe prior to the Roman Period were very similar. It is not known when the British language arrived – times from the Neolithic to the Iron Age have been suggested. However, it seems that the arrival of this form of Celtic language was cultural and does not mean a wholesale replacement of population. Evidence from Welsh shows a great influence from Latin on British during the Roman occupation, and especially so in terms related to the Church and Christianity which are nearly all Latin derivatives¹. British was later in replaced in Highland Scotland by Scottish Gaelic and by English, though it survived into the Middle Ages in Southern Scotland and Cumbria - see Cumbric. Of course British was replaced by English throughout England by the 18th Century after the demise of Cornish and Cumbric. O'Rahilly's historical model suggests the possibility that there was a Brythonic language in Ireland before the arrival of Goidelic languages there, but this view has not found wide acceptance.

History

Sources

There appear to be no written documents in the language except for a few inscriptions.² Curse tablets found in the Roman reservoir at Bath, Somerset contain about 150 names, about half of which are undoubtedly Celtic but not necessarily British. There is an inscription on a metal pendant discovered in 1979 in Bath, which seems to have Latinised British names:³

Adixovi Devina Devada Andagin Vindiorix Cvam Vnai

There is also a tin/lead sheet with part of 9 lines of text. This is damaged but again seems to contain British names. (see Tomlin 1987).

Place-names are another type of evidence. The place names of Roman Britain were discussed by Rivet and Smith in their book of that name published in 1979. They show that the majority of names used were derived from British. English place names still contain elements derived from British in a few cases. Latinised forms of these place names occur in Ptolemy's Geography, for example.

Modern knowledge of the tongue is limited to a few names of people and places. Comparison with Continental Celtic languages, specifically Gaulish, shows that it was very similar to other Celtic languages of the time. Julius Caesar (in "Gallic Wars") said the language of Britain differed little from that of Gaul.

Evolution of British

An important discussion about the language was given by Kenneth Jackson in his book, Language and History in Early Britain, published in 1953. Later discussions are given by Price, Trudgill and Lockwood.

British competed with Latin since the Roman invasion of Britain in AD 43, at least, in major settlements. A number of Latin words were borrowed by British speakers. The Anglo-Saxon invasions several centuries later marked the beginning of a decline in the language, as Germanic languages spread through England and the south of Scotland. Some British speakers migrated to Amorica and Galicia. By AD 700, British was mainly spoken in Northwest England, Cornwall and Wales possibly together with parts of Scotland. Its descendants today are Cornish, Cumbric (extinct, but reconstructions are being attempted), Welsh and Breton.

The British language changed in structure after the Roman period and evolved into Common Brythonic (Brittonic), spoken over the whole of Britain. However, with the Anglo-Saxon invasions and progressive occupation of what became England and south Scotland, the Celtic languages were mainly restricted to the west and south-west. However, languages derived from British have continued to be spoken in Britain to the present day. Surprisingly few British words have been adopted into modern English, but recently some influence on its structure has been identified; see Fippula.

Recently, calculations of the dating of the split off of British have been carried out using phylogenetic methods, eg by Gray and Atkinson, and by Forster and Toth. The latter suggest that the language arrived earlier than previously suggested and this is also the view of Oppenheimer.

In the post-Roman period, inscriptions in Ogham, 191 of which are in British, demonstrate the evolution of the British language towards Old Welsh (Sims-Williams).

Place names

British survives today in a few English place names and river names. However, some of these may be pre-Celtic. The best example is perhaps that of the River(s) Avon, which comes from the British abona "river" (compare Welsh afon, Cornish avon, Cumbric avan, Irish abhainn, Manx awin, Breton aven).

List of place names derived from British

British-derived place-names are scattered across England, with more in the West Country, some examples are:

• Avon from abonā = "river"
• Britain from britani = "painted (people)"
• Dover from dubrīs = "waters"
• Kent from cantus = "border"
• Severn from sabrīna
• Thanet from tan-arth = "fire-height"
• Thames from tamesis
• York from ebor-acon = "place of yew trees" (indirectly)^{dubious – discuss}

Some British place names are known but are no longer used. In a charter of 682 the name of Creech St. Michael, Somerset is given as "cructan".

References

Bibliography

• Lambert, Pierre-Yves (2003). La langue gauloise. 2nd edition. Paris, Editions Errance. p.176
• Price, G. (2000). Languages of Britain and Ireland, Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-21581-6
• Sims-Williams, Patrick (2003) The Celtic Inscriptions of Britain: phonology and chronology, c.400-1200. Oxford, Blackwell. ISBN 1-4051-0903-3
• Trudgill, P. (ed.) (1984). Language in the British Isles, Cambridge University Press.
• W.B.Lockwood. Languages of the British Isles past and present, ISBN 0-521-28409-0
• Forster and Toth, Toward a phylogenetic chronology of ancient Gaulish, Celtic and Indo-European. PNAS July 22 2003.
• Nicholas Ostler, Empires of the Word
• Atkinson and Gray, Are Accurate Dates an Intractable Problem for Historical Linguistics. In Mapping Our Ancestry, Eds Obrien, Shennan and Collard.
• S Oppenheimer, The Origins of the British.
• M Fippula, The Celtic Roots of English.
• K Jackson (1953), Language and History in Early Britain.

External links

• Celtic Personal Names of Roman Britain
• Roman road satations of the Cannock-Chase area